MODEL HISTORY · EPOCH AI

How models grew over time

3,616 dated model records and 3,754 numeric observations across AI domains. Training scale, not a performance leaderboard.

Filter historical models Language · 2,078 records

More scale, different architectures

Each point is a published model record · logarithmic vertical scale · publication dates

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Estimates as reported by Epoch. Total parameters are not active parameters. Training FLOP is not inference cost, capability or a measured API price. Architectures differ; source notes and confidence matter. No lines connect unrelated models.

The records behind the history

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Non-exhaustive curated coverage, not the number of all AI releases. Counts are not adjusted for source coverage. 2026 is an incomplete calendar year; do not compare it as a complete annual total.

CAPABILITY SNAPSHOT · INDEPENDENT OF SCALE FILTERS
MODEL CAPABILITIES · EPOCH AI

A moving frontier
A crowded race

Each dot is a model. The steps mark a new high among included releases.

About the index ↗
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Epoch AI · CC BY 4.0 ↗Snapshot 2026-10-24

Current estimates plotted at release dates; not historical ECI snapshots. Steps describe this dataset’s coverage, not a fitted growth rate.

Browse model records · 2,078
ModelOrganizationPublishedParameter count
DeepSeek V4.1 Flash 1017DeepSeek2026-10-17Not available
Muse Spark OpenMeta AI2026-10-15Not available
Gemini 4 ArgonGoogle DeepMind2026-09-30Not available
GPT-6.1 SolOpenAI2026-09-29Not available
Claude Sonnet 5.5Anthropic2026-09-28Not available
Claude Opus 5.5Anthropic2026-09-22Not available
GPT-6 SolOpenAI2026-09-22Not available
GPT-6 LunaOpenAI2026-09-22Not available
xAI2026-09-212.1B parameters
StepFun2026-09-18600B parameters
Periodic Labs2026-09-151T parameters
Cognition2026-09-102.8T parameters
DeepSeek2026-09-09748B parameters
GPT-6 AstraOpenAI2026-09-03Not available
OpenEvidence DarwinOpenEvidence2026-09-03Not available
OpenEvidence OslerOpenEvidence2026-09-03Not available
OpenEvidence SackettOpenEvidence2026-09-03Not available
OpenEvidence SnowOpenEvidence2026-09-03Not available
Gemini 3.8 FlashGoogle DeepMind2026-09-02Not available
Muse Spark 1.3Meta AI2026-09-02Not available
Claude Fable 5.1Anthropic2026-09-01Not available
Tencent2026-08-28770B parameters
Z.ai (Zhipu AI)2026-08-20320B parameters
GEN-1.5Generalist2026-08-19Not available
Z.ai (Zhipu AI)2026-08-14744B parameters
Alibaba2026-08-1427B parameters
Gemini 3.7 FlashGoogle DeepMind2026-08-13Not available
xAI2026-08-121.5T parameters
GPT-5.6 CyberOpenAI2026-08-11Not available
Nvidia2026-08-1130B parameters
Meta AI2026-08-1030B parameters
Alibaba2026-08-082.4T parameters
Motif Technologies2026-08-07314B parameters
Muse Spark 1.2Meta AI2026-08-05Not available
DeepSeek2026-07-31284B parameters
LG AI Research2026-07-31750B parameters
Thinking Machines2026-07-30276B parameters
SK Telecom2026-07-29688B parameters
Qwen3.7 FlashAlibaba2026-07-27Not available
Claude Opus 5Anthropic2026-07-24Not available
Data coverage, source and reproducibility

Curated, non-exhaustive model history across AI domains. Publication dates are not API release dates. Parameters and training compute are source estimates with differing architectures and confidence; neither is a performance score. No historical API prices are inferred. Publication-year counts reflect dataset coverage, not all model releases.

12 source rows without an eligible publication date were excluded. Missing numeric values remain missing. Source estimate notes are retained per observation. Models can belong to several domains; domain totals must not be summed.

Epoch AI, Data on AI models · CC BY 4.0 · captured 2026-10-23

Epoch documentation and attribution ↗

SHA-256 271051c653d9a602afe4c96c4da83afb5a783095a416a984a5b76109be990aaf · epoch-model-history-v1

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