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No compatible survey included
Model development, business adoption and the research base behind them.
No compatible survey included
Missing coverage is not zero activity.
All R&D, not AI-only investment. Older observation; no newer value is inferred.
Same source, year and developer-country attribution. The broader catalogue includes versions and sizes. Neither number is the total number of models developed here.
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Annual notable-model entries · developer country · 2020–2025
International collaborations may appear in multiple countries. Counts are not additive market shares or a national AI-strength ranking.Epoch AI · CC BY 4.0 · Complete years through 2025 · incomplete 2026 excluded
These indicators describe all research and development, not AI-only expenditure or AI’s measured economic impact.
1.01% of GDP · all R&D · 2022 · Malaysia
Comparison uses 2022, the latest common year for this selection. The latest national observation above may be newer.
World Bank WDI / UNESCO Institute for Statistics · % of GDP · all R&D1,218.33per million people · all R&D · 2022 · Malaysia
Comparison uses 2016, the latest common year for this selection. The latest national observation above may be newer.
World Bank WDI / UNESCO Institute for Statistics · per million people · all R&DEpoch AI · CC BY 4.0 · Model comparisons stop at 2025; incomplete 2026 is excluded. No forward-filled research observations.
No statistically compatible enterprise-adoption series is included for Malaysia. Missing coverage is not zero adoption.
Epoch’s notable-model selection · developer country · international projects can appear in multiple countries
NetSurfP-2.0Technical University of Denmark,University of Copenhagen,Universidad Nacional de San Martín,AIMST University