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No compatible survey included
Model development, business adoption and the research base behind them.
No compatible survey included
Broader Epoch catalogue, including variants; not a complete model census.
All R&D, not AI-only investment.
Same source, year and developer-country attribution. The broader catalogue includes versions and sizes. Neither number is the total number of models developed here.
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Annual notable-model entries · developer country · 2020–2025
International collaborations may appear in multiple countries. Counts are not additive market shares or a national AI-strength ranking.Epoch AI · CC BY 4.0 · Complete years through 2025 · incomplete 2026 excluded
These indicators describe all research and development, not AI-only expenditure or AI’s measured economic impact.
1.13% of GDP · all R&D · 2024 · Hong Kong SAR, China
Comparison uses 2023, the latest common year for this selection. The latest national observation above may be newer.
World Bank WDI / UNESCO Institute for Statistics · % of GDP · all R&D5,873.74per million people · all R&D · 2024 · Hong Kong SAR, China
Comparison uses 2017, the latest common year for this selection. The latest national observation above may be newer.
World Bank WDI / UNESCO Institute for Statistics · per million people · all R&DEpoch AI · CC BY 4.0 · Model comparisons stop at 2025; incomplete 2026 is excluded. No forward-filled research observations.
No statistically compatible enterprise-adoption series is included for Hong Kong SAR, China. Missing coverage is not zero adoption.
Epoch’s notable-model selection · developer country · international projects can appear in multiple countries
Eagle 2Nvidia,Nanjing University,Tsinghua University,Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Johns Hopkins University,New York University (NYU)LLaVA-OV-72BByteDance,Nanyang Technological University,Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK),Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST)SenseChat 5.5SenseTimeSPHINX (Llama 2 13B)Shanghai AI Lab,Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK),ShanghaiTech UniversityInternLMShanghai AI Lab,SenseTimeInstructBLIPSalesforce Research,Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST),Nanyang Technological UniversitySenseChatSenseTimeInternImageShanghai AI Lab,Tsinghua University,Nanjing University,SenseTime,Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)