20.27%
2025 · enterprises with 10+ employed
COUNTRY · ES
Spain
Model development, business adoption and the research base behind them.
ES
1 catalogue entry
Broader Epoch catalogue, including variants; not a complete model census.
1.49% of GDP
All R&D, not AI-only investment.
What this model count includes
1Entries in the broader Epoch catalogue
0Entries with a notability criterion
Same source, year and developer-country attribution. The broader catalogue includes versions and sizes. Neither number is the total number of models developed here.
Models behind the count
Epoch · source snapshotLoading source records…
Beyond one catalogue
Selected projects checked against institutions and developers. These may overlap with Epoch; they are not added to its count.
SalamandraES · Barcelona Supercomputing Center / Aina
Model familyAina identifies BSC development and MareNostrum 5 training; base, instruction and quantized variants are distinct
Attribution sourceFirst-party checks reviewed 2026-10-25 · selected coverage
MODEL DEVELOPMENT
Spain in the model-building landscape
Annual notable-model entries · developer country · 2020–2025
International collaborations may appear in multiple countries. Counts are not additive market shares or a national AI-strength ranking.
Loading chartEpoch AI · CC BY 4.0 · Complete years through 2025 · incomplete 2026 excluded
AI IN BUSINESS · EUROSTAT
Source ↗AI adoption in Spain
Business adoption across Europe — and the divide between small and large firms
Adjust survey selection 2025 · All · 10+ persons employed
Spain · 202520.3%of surveyed enterprises use at least one AI technology
EU aggregate · same size class19.9%Regional aggregate, excluded from country ranking
Spain · businesses using AI · 2025
20.3% using AI
Loading chartAll · 10+ persons employed · Eurostat enterprise survey. The remainder is 100 minus the published adoption estimate. These are survey shares, not counts of respondents or measures of implementation depth.
The company-size divide · 2025
○ Small: 10–49 persons · ● Large: 250+ · percentage of enterprises within each size class. Each point has its own denominator.
Survey scope, dates and source flags
Percentage of enterprises using at least one AI technology. Selected non-financial business activities (NACE Rev. 2 C–J, L–N and 95.1). Enterprises with at least 10 persons employed. Not intensity of implementation, productivity impact or share of workers using AI.
Coverage is European survey participants, not a global adoption ranking. Small firms with fewer than 10 persons employed are excluded. Size classes and the total are separate survey populations; percentages must not be added. EU is an aggregate. Non-response, survey design and sector mix can affect comparisons.
Source flags are retained: b = break in time series; e = estimated; p = provisional; u = low reliability. Missing and confidential values are not replaced by zero. No 2022 observation is inferred.
Eurostat · isoc_eb_ai · source update 2026-06-15T11:00:00+0200 · captured 2026-10-23 · Eurostat reuse policy; attribution and stated exceptions apply
eurostat-enterprise-ai-size-v1 · SHA-256 f5f6d136c4ed04923d17a63c4b0b23d6999e7a4774450709ae214c24b7674357
The foundations around AI
These indicators describe all research and development, not AI-only expenditure or AI’s measured economic impact.
R&D expenditure
1.49% of GDP · all R&D · 2023 · Spain
Loading chartComparison uses 2023, the latest common year for this selection. The latest national observation above may be newer.
World Bank WDI / UNESCO Institute for Statistics · % of GDP · all R&DR&D researchers
3,653.8per million people · all R&D · 2023 · Spain
Loading chartComparison uses 2017, the latest common year for this selection. The latest national observation above may be newer.
World Bank WDI / UNESCO Institute for Statistics · per million people · all R&DEpoch AI · CC BY 4.0 · Model comparisons stop at 2025; incomplete 2026 is excluded. No forward-filled research observations.
Models connected to Spain
Epoch’s notable-model selection · developer country · international projects can appear in multiple countries
StarCoderHugging Face,ServiceNow,Northeastern University,Mila - Quebec AI (originally Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms),Carnegie Mellon University (CMU),Johns Hopkins University,Leipzig University,ScaDS.AI,Queen Mary University of London,Roblox,Sea AI Lab,Technion - Israel Institute of Technology,Monash University,CSIRO,Data61,McGill University,Saama,University of British Columbia (UBC),Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),Technical University of Munich,IBM,University of Vermont,UnfoldML,SAP,University of Notre Dame,Columbia University,New York University (NYU),University of Allahabad,Discover Dollar,Toloka,Telefonica,Stanford University,Weizmann Institute of Science,Alan Turing Institute,Wellesley College,EleutherAI,Forschungszentrum Julich