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No compatible survey included
Model development, business adoption and the research base behind them.
No compatible survey included
Broader Epoch catalogue, including variants; not a complete model census.
All R&D, not AI-only investment. Older observation; no newer value is inferred.
Same source, year and developer-country attribution. The broader catalogue includes versions and sizes. Neither number is the total number of models developed here.
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Annual notable-model entries · developer country · 2020–2025
International collaborations may appear in multiple countries. Counts are not additive market shares or a national AI-strength ranking.Epoch AI · CC BY 4.0 · Complete years through 2025 · incomplete 2026 excluded
These indicators describe all research and development, not AI-only expenditure or AI’s measured economic impact.
1.86% of GDP · all R&D · 2021 · Australia
Comparison uses 2021, the latest common year for this selection. The latest national observation above may be newer.
World Bank WDI / UNESCO Institute for Statistics · % of GDP · all R&D4,568.57per million people · all R&D · 2010 · Australia
Comparison uses 2010, the latest common year for this selection. The latest national observation above may be newer.
World Bank WDI / UNESCO Institute for Statistics · per million people · all R&DEpoch AI · CC BY 4.0 · Model comparisons stop at 2025; incomplete 2026 is excluded. No forward-filled research observations.
No statistically compatible enterprise-adoption series is included for Australia. Missing coverage is not zero adoption.
Epoch’s notable-model selection · developer country · international projects can appear in multiple countries
Harrison.rad.1Harrison.aiStarCoderHugging Face,ServiceNow,Northeastern University,Mila - Quebec AI (originally Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms),Carnegie Mellon University (CMU),Johns Hopkins University,Leipzig University,ScaDS.AI,Queen Mary University of London,Roblox,Sea AI Lab,Technion - Israel Institute of Technology,Monash University,CSIRO,Data61,McGill University,Saama,University of British Columbia (UBC),Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),Technical University of Munich,IBM,University of Vermont,UnfoldML,SAP,University of Notre Dame,Columbia University,New York University (NYU),University of Allahabad,Discover Dollar,Toloka,Telefonica,Stanford University,Weizmann Institute of Science,Alan Turing Institute,Wellesley College,EleutherAI,Forschungszentrum JulichVega v2Wuhan University,JD Explore Academy,Shanghai AI Lab,Nanyang Technological University,Washington University in St Louis,Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,University of SydneyEN^2AS with performance rewardBeijing Institute of Technology,University of Technology Sydney,Monash UniversitySDECarnegie Mellon University (CMU),Google Brain,Monash UniversitySPIDER2Griffith University,University of Iowa,Dezhou University